Relationship between Transport Layer and Network Layer The Transport Layer and the Network Layer are two important layers of the OSI Model that work together to provide end-to-end communication betwee

Definition of Transmission Media Transmission media refers to the path or channel through which data is transmitted from one device to another in a network. It acts as a carrier for signals that rep

Need for Routing Algorithm In a computer network, data must travel from the source to the destination through several intermediate nodes (routers). The process of finding the best path for data pack

Connection-Oriented Service A connection-oriented service is a type of communication where a logical connection is established between the sender and receiver before data transmission begins. It ens

Definition The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed naming system used to translate human-readable domain names (like www.google.com) into IP addresses (like 142.250.190.14) that computers use to

Definition Multiplexing is a technique used in data communication to combine multiple signals and transmit them over a single communication channel or medium. It allows several data streams to share

What is Subnetting? Subnetting is the process of dividing a single IP network into smaller logical sub-networks (subnets). It helps in better address management, improved security, and reduced broad

Introduction In data communication, errors may occur due to noise, interference, or signal distortion during transmission. After detecting an error, the system must take steps to correct it to ensur

Introduction Multimedia networking refers to the transmission and processing of multiple forms of media — such as text, audio, video, graphics, and animation — over computer networks. It enables rea

Introduction Network management involves monitoring, maintaining, and optimizing a computer network to ensure efficient, reliable, and secure operation. It includes tasks like fault management, conf

Introduction Congestion in a network occurs when the demand for resources (like bandwidth, buffers, or processing capacity) exceeds the network’s capacity. This leads to packet loss, delays, and deg

a. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - Definition: HTTP is an application layer protocol used for transferring hypertext documents (web pages) over the Internet. - Purpose: Enables communication be