Transmission Media Definition: Transmission media are the physical pathways through which data is transmitted from sender to receiver in a network. --- Types of Transmission Media 1. Guided Media (

Flow Control Definition: Flow control is a technique used in data communication to ensure that the sender does not overwhelm the receiver by sending data faster than it can be processed. It prevents

Link State Routing Definition: Link State Routing (LSR) is a routing algorithm where each router maintains a complete map (topology) of the network. Each router calculates the shortest path to every

Client/Server Network Definition: A Client/Server network is a network architecture where a central server provides resources or services (like files, printing, databases) to multiple clients. Clien

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Definition: CSMA/CD is a network protocol used in Ethernet to control access to the shared communication medium. It helps devices avo

Subnetting a Class B Network Given: - Network: 150.10.0.0 – 150.10.255.255 (Class B) - Number of required subnets: 4 --- Step 1: Determine new subnet mask - Class B default subnet mask: 255.255

IPv6 Address Structure and Comparison with IPv4 1. Structure of IPv6 Address - Length: 128 bits (16 bytes) - Notation: Written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons (:).

Virtual Circuit Network and ATM 1. Virtual Circuit Network - A virtual circuit network is a type of packet-switched network where a predefined path is established between sender and receiver before d

Routing Table and Its Types 1. What is a Routing Table? A routing table is a data structure maintained by a router or a host to determine the best path for forwarding packets to their destination.

Open-Loop vs Closed-Loop Congestion Control 1. Open-Loop Congestion Control Definition: Open-loop congestion control prevents congestion before it happens. It uses policies and flow control mechani

Multimedia Streaming Approaches Multimedia streaming is the delivery of audio and video data over a network in real-time. There are two main approaches: --- 1. Pull-Based Streaming (On-Demand Streami

Short Notes (Any Two) --- a. Backbone Network Definition: A backbone network is the central part of a network that connects various sub-networks (LANs, MANs) and provides a path for the exchange of