Protocol and OSI Model --- Protocol Definition: A protocol is a set of rules and conventions that governs how data is transmitted, received, and interpreted over a network between two or more devic

Error Detection vs Error Correction & CRC --- 1. Difference Between Error Detection and Error Correction | Feature | Error Detection | Error Correction | |---------|----------------|-----------------

Distance Vector Routing --- 1. Definition: Distance Vector Routing is a routing algorithm in which each router maintains a table (vector) of the best known distance to every other router and the dire

Network Topology --- 1. Why do we need Network Topology? Network topology defines the physical or logical arrangement of nodes and links in a network. It is important because: - Determines how devi

Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network. It defines: - How communication starts and ends. - How errors are detected and c

Given: Class C network: 192.168.3.0 – 192.168.3.255 Requirement: Divide into 4 subnets. --- Step 1: Determine new subnet mask - Original Class C mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24) - Need 4 subnets → 2 bit

Circuit-Switched Network A circuit-switched network is a type of network in which a dedicated communication path (circuit) is established between two nodes for the entire duration of the communication

Virtual Circuit Network A Virtual Circuit (VC) Network is a type of packet-switched network where a logical connection (virtual circuit) is established between the sender and receiver before any data

Why TCP is Connection-Oriented and Reliable TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is called connection-oriented because: 1. Before any data is sent, a connection is established between the sender and

Architecture of WWW and URL Architecture of WWW (World Wide Web) The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system where information is stored and accessed through web pages using the internet. It follows a clien

Software Defined Network (SDN) Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a modern networking approach where the control of the network is separated from the physical devices and handled by software. It a

Short Notes (Any Two) --- a. Protocol and Standards A protocol is a set of rules that govern how data is communicated between devices in a network. It ensures that devices from different manufactur