Bsc CSIT Semester 4 – Computer Networks – Unit 4: Network Layer (10Hrs.)

Classful addressing is an old method of assigning IP addresses, where the 32-bit IP address is divided into network ID and host ID parts based on fixed boundaries (known as classes). There are five cl

Definition Circuit switching is a communication method in which a dedicated communication path (circuit) is established between two devices for the entire duration of the communication. - Commonly u

Unicast vs Multicast Routing | Feature | Unicast Routing | Multicast Routing | |--------------------------|----------------------------

Given: - IP Address: 192.168.0.0 - Requirement: Divide into 2 subnets --- 1. Step 1: Determine Default Class - 192.168.0.0 belongs to Class C (IP range 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255) - Default su

a. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) Definition: IPv4 is a 32-bit addressing protocol used to identify devices on a network. It is the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol. Key Feature

Classless Addressing Classless addressing is an IP addressing method where fixed classes (A, B, C) are not used. Instead, it uses CIDR notation (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) in the form IP/prefix.

Packet Switching Packet switching is a method of data communication where a message is divided into small units called packets before being sent over a network. Each packet may take different paths

Given - Network: 172.16.0.0 (this is a Class B private network) - Default mask for Class B: /16 (255.255.0.0) - Task: Divide into 2 subnets --- Step 1 — Decide new prefix - To get 2 subnets we need t

Difference Between Link State and Distance Vector Routing | Basis | Link State Routing | Distance Vector Routing | |-------|---------------------|---------------------------| | Information Shared | Ea

Distance Vector Routing --- 1. Definition: Distance Vector Routing is a routing algorithm in which each router maintains a table (vector) of the best known distance to every other router and the dire

Given: Class C network: 192.168.3.0 – 192.168.3.255 Requirement: Divide into 4 subnets. --- Step 1: Determine new subnet mask - Original Class C mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24) - Need 4 subnets → 2 bit

Circuit-Switched Network A circuit-switched network is a type of network in which a dedicated communication path (circuit) is established between two nodes for the entire duration of the communication

Virtual Circuit Network A Virtual Circuit (VC) Network is a type of packet-switched network where a logical connection (virtual circuit) is established between the sender and receiver before any data

Link State Routing Definition: Link State Routing (LSR) is a routing algorithm where each router maintains a complete map (topology) of the network. Each router calculates the shortest path to every

Subnetting a Class B Network Given: - Network: 150.10.0.0 – 150.10.255.255 (Class B) - Number of required subnets: 4 --- Step 1: Determine new subnet mask - Class B default subnet mask: 255.255

IPv6 Address Structure and Comparison with IPv4 1. Structure of IPv6 Address - Length: 128 bits (16 bytes) - Notation: Written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons (:).

Virtual Circuit Network and ATM 1. Virtual Circuit Network - A virtual circuit network is a type of packet-switched network where a predefined path is established between sender and receiver before d

Routing Table and Its Types 1. What is a Routing Table? A routing table is a data structure maintained by a router or a host to determine the best path for forwarding packets to their destination.

Routing Table Definition: A routing table is a data table stored in a router or a networked computer that lists the routes to particular network destinations. It is used to determine the best path f

What is Switching? Definition: Switching is the process of transferring data from a source to a destination through a network. It determines the path that data takes to reach its destination. Types